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Frequently asked questions

eDNA offers a non-invasive, cost-effective, and highly sensitive approach for detecting marine life. It can reveal the presence of rare, cryptic, deep-sea or hard-to-observe species without needing to catch or see them, making it a powerful complementary tool for biodiversity monitoring and conservation.
Yes and no. While there are correlations between eDNA signal strength and factors like biomass or abundance, standard eDNA approaches, (like broad scale metabarcoding) are not yet reliable for estimating exact numbers. However, some species-specific techniques, such as quantitative PCR (qPCR), can provide more precise estimates of abundance or biomass for target species.
Also, it can give us an idea on the relative proportion of the animals, for example, we can use eDNA to detect the seasonal changes in presence of a certain animal, or changes across an area. For example, inside and outside a marine park.
eDNA can detect a wide range of organisms, from microbes to large vertebrates, as long as their DNA is present in the environment and matches reference databases. The type of assay used will determine which groups of organisms are targeted for detection.
eDNA typically lasts from a few hours to a few days, and sometimes up to a week or more in colder, deeper, or darker waters. Despite this variability, from hours to a day, eDNA has been shown to provide highly accurate information at small spatial scales, making it a powerful tool for detecting which species have been in a specific area very recently. This sensitivity to time and space makes eDNA especially valuable for monitoring dynamic or hard-to-reach marine environments.
eDNA is generally considered a snapshot of recent biological activity, making it useful for detecting species that have been present in the area within the past few days.

Last updated: 16/12/2025

View release notes

Last updated: 16/12/2025

View release notes

Introduction

This AI-powered tool lets you explore the eDNA data from our marine expeditions. It’s the first tool of its kind to use artificial intelligence to interrogate eDNA data and generate biodiversity insights in real time. Just type in your question and let the model dive into the data for you. Here, we use Anthropic’s Claude 4.5 Sonnet, a LLM that can write Python code in the background to answer your questions.

Whether you’re curious about sharks, searching for the southernmost fish, or comparing biodiversity between regions, this tool helps turn complex genomic data into accessible insights.

Examples:
“Are there any sharks in the data?”
“What’s the southernmost fish detected?”
“How many distinct species of fish were found in 2023?”

A few things to keep in mind:

  • Be patient. It might take a few moments to process your request; the tool is searching through billions of lines of eDNA data to find the answer.
  • Don't take the results at face value. Always verify independently.
  • Try rephrasing your question. You might get a better answer the second time.
  • Be specific. For example, asking about “sharks” might return different groups like Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii, or Carcharhiniformes.
  • Ask it to check itself. You can prompt it to explain or critique its own answer.

Ask me anything

Answer

The final answer appears here.
Bad question appears here

Last updated: 16/12/2025

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We were unable to match any data to that collector.
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Last updated: 16/12/2025

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Pangaea Ocean Explorer (POE) is a 60-metre ice class motor yacht available to support research around our coastal facilities in Western Australia, as well as carry out its own extensive research in the open ocean and overseas.

The POE will predominantly travel in the Indian Ocean and surrounding seas, from Palau in the western Pacific Ocean to Antarctica. At cruising speed (~ 11.5 knots), POE has a range of up to 18,000 nautical miles and total fuel capacity of more than 245,000 litres.

A beacon for marine research

This vessel safely delivers marine research in remote areas, with facilities that support sampling from reef flats to offshore locations and research diving. It also allows for on-board storage of samples and scientific equipment and facilitates real-time information processing with high speed internet. Her tender garage includes a ten-metre fish sample catamaran, a seven metre RIB for scuba diving, and a 10m NIAD for bethnic and palagic BRUVS (Stereo-Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems) as well as two compact fishing skiffs.

Pangaea Image one
Pangaea Image two

A uniquely qualified crew

She accommodates up to 12 guests split across six rooms, while the crew quarters are suitable for staff of up to 13 people. Her crew includes fishing guides that are experienced in supporting a range of marine research programmes globally, including capturing and releasing fish, BRUVS, and use of multibeam hydroacoustic techniques to estimate fish biomass.

High impact research goals

An initial research focus will be quantifying levels and impacts of plastic pollution, collecting environmental data that supports predictive modelling of ocean variables (e.g. ocean temperature, dissolved oxygen) and quantifying pelagic fish abundance, distribution, movements and behaviours.

Diverse technical capability

Pangaea Ocean Explorer can be configured with a variety of smaller support vessels as pictured. The support vessel fleet is capable of undertaking a wide variety of research activities, including remote camera and scientific equipment deployments; marine animal tagging; catch and release fishing; scientific diving (on-board membrane-system Nitrox compressor) and much more.

About

This dashboard aims to showcase how the Pangaea Ocean Explorer contributes to research advancing our understanding of biodiversity through the use of eDNA.

It is part of Minderoo’s eDNA voyages dashboard series - to celebrate the contributions made by vessel owners, sponsors and sample collectors across the globe to protect our oceans.

Contact

If you have any feedback or questions on the Pangaea dashboard, please contact: oceanomics@minderoo.org.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgement of Country

We respectfully acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of the Sea Country across all regions visited during our expeditions. We honour their enduring connection to the ocean and recognise the deep knowledge, care, and custodianship that First Nations peoples have sustained for millennia. We pay our respects to Elders past, present, and emerging, and extend that respect to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

We acknowledge that the waters, reefs, islands, and marine life we sampled and explored are part of living cultural landscapes. We are deeply grateful for the opportunity to conduct research on Country. In the spirit of reconciliation, we remain committed to listening to, learning from, and partnering with First Nations communities in our efforts to understand, protect, and conserve these vital ecosystems for future generations.

Community and Partners

This work was only possible with the support of community partners and collaborators across multiple regions, and we extend a heartfelt thanks to all of our collaborators on land whose support was instrumental to the success of this project. This includes the staff of DCCEEW and Parks Australia; the Shires of Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Cocos Marine Care; Sea Country Solutions; the Yamatji Sea Rangers; and the Esperance Tjaltjraak Native Title Aboriginal Corporation.

Minderoo OceanOmics Centre at UWA

Minderoo OceanOmics Centre at the University of Western Australia brings together advanced molecular capabilities to support genomic research across marine systems. We sincerely acknowledge the OceanOmics Centre team for their unwavering dedication, perseverance, and outstanding efforts in processing complex samples to produce big data. Their technical leadership and commitment to delivering high-quality genomic outputs, is integral to our ability to translate raw expedition data into meaningful insights that advance our understanding of marine biodiversity.

Deep-Sea Research Centre at UWA

The Deep-Sea Research Centre is dedicated to expanding our understanding of the deep ocean by discovering new species, assessing marine biodiversity, mapping the ocean floor, and charting deep-sea habitats. We gratefully acknowledge the Deep-Sea Research Centre team for their exceptional expertise and commitment in facilitating sample collection during large-scale, logistically challenging deep-sea expeditions. We recognise the Centre’s capabilities, infrastructure, and support as critical to accessing the abyssal and hadal marine environments, contributing significantly to this research.

CSIRO National Biodiversity DNA Library (NBDL)

The CSIRO National Biodiversity DNA Library is an initiative to generate the comprehensive reference sequences needed to identify Australia’s biodiversity from DNA. The initiative is a collaboration between CSIRO, Australia’s research collections and a range of philanthropic and government agencies. The NBDL will generate data from expertly identified specimens held in Australia’s museums and herbaria, bringing new capability to biodiversity research, and enabling the uptake of new technologies to describe and detect changes in biodiversity from DNA that organisms leave behind in the environment. The NBDL will launch as a digital platform with its first available data in 2025. The findings presented here are powered by provisional reference data provided under a partnership with the CSIRO National Biodiversity DNA Library, for which we extend our thanks to NBDL collection partners and Bioplatforms Australia.

Technology partners

At sea operations

A big thanks to all the captains and dedicated crew from Pangaea Ocean Explorer, Immortalis and the R.V. Investigator. Your support, expertise, and seamanship made it possible for us to reach some of the most remote and pristine corners of the ocean - and to document the magnificent marine life that thrives there. We couldn’t have done it without you.

Illumina

We extend our deepest thanks to Illumina for their critical and ongoing collaboration. Their cutting-edge sequencing technology has been integral to the generation of all the genomic data featured in this project. From support for at-sea sequencing during expeditions to high-throughput operations at Minderoo OceanOmics Centre at UWA, Illumina’s collaboration and expertise have been indispensable to our efforts to accelerate marine biodiversity discovery and conservation.

Ocean Diagnostics

We gratefully acknowledge the team at Ocean Diagnostics for their collaboration, innovation, and steadfast support. Their instrumentation transformed the way we collect eDNA in the field, enabling efficient, high-quality sampling even in remote and logistically challenging environments. We’re especially thankful for their responsive technical support, which has been invaluable during fieldwork.

Wilderlab

We're grateful to Wilderlab for providing comprehensive tree-of-life eDNA data that extended far beyond our vertebrate focus. Their accessible visualisation tools help make complex biodiversity results easier to explore and interpret. We appreciate their ongoing support and collaboration in advancing the use of eDNA monitoring in our region.

Designed and developed by Epi

Thanks to Epi for their careful design and expert data science which has brought our complex, multi-million dollar DNA dataset to life. We couldn’t be more happy with the result — a collaborative process from Day one that has empowered both us, and end users, that visit this dashboard. We appreciate their ongoing support and collaboration in advancing the usability of eDNA data.

16/12/2025

V 1.0.0 – Pangaea eDNA Dashboard Initial Release

  • Species Exploration Tools: Interactive dashboard for exploring marine species through environmental DNA (eDNA) data with filtering by species name, location, and date range

  • Interactive Mapping: Advanced MapLibre-based mapping system featuring marine park boundaries, species detection clusters, timeline animation controls, and customizable map views with satellite and street map options

  • Data Visualization: Dynamic charts including detections over time plots, species distribution maps, and comprehensive data tables showing eDNA sample locations and detection frequencies

  • Marine Parks Integration: Full integration with Parks Australia marine park network data, allowing exploration of species within protected areas and park-specific biodiversity insights

  • AI-Powered Data Chat: Revolutionary AI chat interface powered by Anthropic's Claude 4.5 Sonnet for natural language queries about the eDNA dataset, enabling real-time biodiversity insights

  • Comprehensive Dataset: Analysis of 6,000+ marine eDNA samples collected around Australia in collaboration with Parks Australia, covering diverse marine ecosystems

  • User Experience: Guided tours and interactive tutorials, responsive design with Bootstrap 5, real-time data filtering, and export capabilities for research and assessment workflows

  • Technical Infrastructure: Built on R Shiny with modern web technologies, Docker containerization, robust data processing pipeline using the targets framework, and SCSS-based styling system

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